Grayscale Bitcoin Trust and its ties to crypto meltdowns
The Grayscale Bitcoin Trust (GBTC) is an over-the-counter (OTC) traded fund meant to track the price of bitcoin. Grayscale Investments is owned by Barry Silbert’s crypto mammoth Digital Currency Group (DCG), which also owns beleaguered crypto trading and lending firm Genesis.
Here’s how it works: When Grayscale chooses to open its private placements, accredited investors are able to deposit bitcoin to receive shares of the trust (or deposit cash and have Grayscale help facilitate the purchase of bitcoin).
Purchasers in the private placement are unable to sell their shares for six months, due to the specific regulations governing GBTC. After that, they’re able to sell the shares to other people.
Once those shares are available for sale, people are able to purchase them from their broker, and thus gain indirect exposure to bitcoin.
Grayscale charges 2% of assets under management (AUM) as fees for GBTC.
How is GBTC different from an ETF?
An exchange traded fund (ETF) is able to issue and redeem shares for the underlying index. So an investor who approaches a spot bitcoin ETF with bitcoin can convert their bitcoin into shares of the ETF, and investors with shares of the ETF can convert them into bitcoin. Exchange traded funds are also traded on national securities exchanges, whereas GBTC is traded OTC.
This redeem-ability would help eliminate the tendency of GBTC to trade at either a premium or a discount to net asset value (NAV).
Grayscale is famously in the midst of suing the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for denying its request to convert the trust into an ETF.
GBTC has not offered redemptions since 2014. It settled with the SEC (along with sister company SecondMarket) in 2016, for alleged violations of Rules 101 and 102 of Regulation M. Since then, Grayscale has not offered redemptions.
Regulation M prevents Grayscale from offering redemptions within the six month restricted period after an issuance. However, Regulation M does seem to permit Grayscale to offer redemptions outside of that restricted period. In this instance, it can only redeem and not issue simultaneously.
David Hennes, partner at law firm Ropes and Gray, explained in his public comment to the SEC that “Regulation M, however, does not prohibit GBTC from redeeming shares as long as GBTC is not concurrently distributing shares.”
Since 2014, investors have been able to contribute to the fund, helping it grow — but no one has been able to redeem. If Grayscale were to open redemptions, that would be reversed: shareholders would be able to redeem but no new investors would be able to issue shares.
Opening redemptions would reduce the amount that Grayscale would earn in fees by reducing the total AUM.
How did it help destroy Three Arrows Capital?
For a long time, GBTC traded at a significant premium to its NAV, with shares trading for as much as double the value of the corresponding bitcoin. While this premium persisted, institutional investors were incentivized to lock up bitcoins and receive GBTC shares, which they hoped to sell once the six month period elapsed.
However, this trade become popular among a variety of firms, including BlockFi and Three Arrows Capital (3AC). As shares began to unlock, GBTC eventually started trading at a discount to NAV. This became particularly challenging for BlockFi, which had lent 3AC money against GBTC collateral.
Eventually, 3AC was liquidated by BlockFi, which meant increased selling of GBTC into the market, further raising the discount. Currently, GBTC trades at around a 45% discount to NAV.
Where are the bitcoins?
Coinbase Custody. Grayscale and Coinbase Custody will not disclose the addresses citing “Security Concerns.”
An earlier version of this article quoted the original custodian agreement which prevented disclosure of public and private keys. Coinbase responded to a Protos request for comment and directed us towards the new custody agreement, which only prevents disclosure of private keys. We regret any confusion
It is unclear what security concerns could prevent disclosure of these addresses, and other Bitcoin Trusts like that run by Osprey, who also custody at Coinbase have disclosed their address.
There’s no way to verify the ownership of bitcoin by GBTC on-chain without disclosure of those addresses.
Will Genesis affect it?
DCG, the parent company for both beleaguered Genesis Trading and Grayscale, is reportedly fundraising to help shore up the books of Genesis.
If Grayscale Investments withdraws as sponsor for GBTC, then the remaining shareholders have 90 days to find a new sponsor or the trust will terminate. If the trust is forced to liquidate, the bitcoin will be sold “as promptly as possible while obtaining the best fair value possible.” Cash proceeds will be distributed pro-rata to shareholders.
GBTC currently has 644,000 bitcoin. Those who purchased at a significant discount could potentially make money, but that depends on how this sale of bitcoins would affect the market price for bitcoin.
Grayscale is one of the most profitable parts of the DCG empire, and it likely would try to avoid liquidation, as it generates approximately $200 million in fees. The shares do also allow for distribution of the bitcoins to shareholders, instead of cash proceeds. However, that seems to require a voluntary termination and 75% of shareholders voting in favor.
If Grayscale decides to open redemptions, DCG would be able to redeem the hundreds of millions of dollars worth of GBTC it purchased at a discount.
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Update 2022-22-23 22:00 UTC: Added language clarifying nature of custody agreement with Coinbase and removed language from out-of-date custody agreement.